xx

Contents

24.4.5

X-ray Diffraction (XRD)

375

24.5

Applications of Biosynthesized Nanoparticles

375

24.5.1

Antimicrobial Activity

375

24.5.2

Photocatalysis

375

24.5.3

Removal of Antibiotic from Water

376

24.5.4

Effect on Enzyme Activity

376

24.5.5

Nanofertilizer

376

24.5.6

Radical Scavenging Activity

376

24.5.7

Nano Additives for Fuel

377

References

377

25

Nanobiotechnology – A Green Solution

379

Baishakhi De and Tridib K. Goswami

25.1

Introduction

379

25.2

Nanotechnology and Nanobiotechnology – The Green Processes and

Technologies

381

25.2.1

Green Chemistry

382

25.2.1.1

Advantages and Challenges

384

25.3

The Versatile Role of Nanotechnology and Nanobiotechnology

385

25.3.1

Agriculture, Potable Water, and Food Processing

385

25.3.2

Health, Medicine, Drug Delivery, and Pharmaceuticals

388

25.3.3

Automobile, Aircraft, Space Travel

389

25.3.4

Sustainable Energy, Building Technology

389

25.3.5

Society and Education

390

25.4

Nanotechnologies in Waste Reduction and Management

390

25.5

Conclusion

393

References

393

26

Novel Biotechnological Approaches for Removal of Emerging

Contaminants

397

Sangeetha Gandhi Sivasubramaniyan, Senthilkumar Kandasamy,

and Naveen kumar Manickam

26.1

Introduction

397

26.2

Classification of Emerging Contaminants

397

26.2.1

Microfibers and Microplastics

398

26.2.2

Pharmaceutical Contaminants

398

26.2.3

Personal Care Products and Its Contaminants

398

26.2.4

Inorganic Metals in Foods and Water

399

26.2.5

Perfluorinated Compounds

399

26.2.6

Disinfection Byproducts

399

26.3

Various Sources of ECs

399

26.3.1

Deposition of Solid and Liquid Waste on Land

399

26.3.2

Deposition of Solid and Liquid Waste into the Water Sources

400

26.4

Need of Removal of ECs

400

26.5

Methods of Treatment of EC

400